Prenatal exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and climatic factors, such as temperature and rainfall, are associated with adverse birth outcomes in India, according to a recent study published in PLOS Global Public Health. The study, conducted by Mary Abed Al Ahad from the University of St Andrews, U.K., sheds light on the impact of air pollution on maternal and child health in the country.
Ambient air pollution is a significant threat to human health globally, with a disproportionate burden on individuals living in low and middle-income countries. In India, ambient fine particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is a major concern, primarily stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and biomass. The country ranks as the third-most polluted nation based on its average yearly PM2.5 levels, posing a grave risk to its population.
Studies have shown that ambient air pollution, especially PM2.5, can lead to various health issues, including adverse birth outcomes, asthma, and an increased risk of chronic diseases. However, research on the specific impact of air pollution on pregnancy outcomes in India has been limited. This study aimed to fill that gap by investigating the association between ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes at the national level.
The findings revealed a clear link between in-utero exposure to PM2.5 and adverse birth outcomes, such as low birth weight and preterm birth. Additionally, climatic factors like rainfall and temperature were also found to play a role in influencing birth outcomes. Notably, children in the Northern districts of India appeared to be more vulnerable to the effects of ambient air pollution.
To address these concerning findings, the researchers emphasized the importance of targeted interventions, particularly in the Northern districts where the impact was more pronounced. They suggested that the National Clean Air Program be strengthened with stricter emission standards and improved air quality monitoring. Furthermore, climate adaptation strategies should be integrated into public health planning to mitigate the effects of extreme temperatures and irregular rainfall.
Overall, the study underscores the urgent need for public health initiatives to raise awareness about the risks of air pollution and climate change, especially among pregnant women. By implementing these measures and focusing on vulnerable areas, India can work towards safeguarding the health of mothers and children from the harmful effects of ambient air pollution. For more information on the study, you can access the full article in PLOS Global Public Health (2025) with DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0003798.
